IMPORTANT: Multiple Studies From NIH Websites Toxnet and Pubmed Report Toxic Soy Effects: Cancers, Brain Disorders, Male/Female Reproductive Disorders, And Countless More Adverse Effects Are Included below:
In August 2009 the FDA received a petition request to post WARNING labels on soy products, and to WITHDRAW soy formula based upon a submitted file of more than 700 published studies proving extensive soy-causation of severe and irreversible adverse health effects. Although with full acknowledgment that severe adverse soy effects are extensive, the FDA does not respond to the petition. In other countries soy infant formulas are either not commercially available or they are marketed only with physician prescription and careful follow-up especially due to massive evidence of soy’s estrogenic endocrine disruptor risks, as well as several other “natural” soy contaminates. Only in the USA, the FDA allows increasing marketing of soy products, soy fillers, and besides soy infant formulas, allows increasing soy-contamination of infant milk formulas.
Even if you think you are not swallowing soy, you are. Read ingredient labels. Foods containing soy fillers are nearly inescapable in the U.S. marketplace to the point it is nearly impossible for consumers to find foods or beverages that are not contaminated with soy.
You need to know that soy is overwhelmingly documented in massive numbers of published studies as a toxic cocktail of several poisonous components capable of destroying healthy body and mind. Against Food and Drug laws, the FDA acknowledges that dietary soy is loaded with fluctuating levels of several soy plant-toxins such as: isoflavone estrogenic hormone (endocrine) disruptors, phytic acid, inhibitors of several essential enzymes, heavy metals, and anti-nutrients. At minimal, nearly a thousand scientific studies conclude physiological, reproductive and neurological soy-toxicity caused to humans of all ages, but with greatest risk of adverse soy exposure health effects caused during most fragile: fetal, infant, and child development.
The amount of available toxins in soy can vary according to weather, soil, fertilizers, processing, and season. “Determination of isoflavones in ready-to-feed-soy-based-infant-formula.” Abbott Laboratories P Johns et al report 2003. “An alkaline hydrolysis/liquid chromatography method was developed for determination of isoflavones in ready-to-feed soy-based infant formula. The difference between our concentrations and those reported by others in 1995-1998 is attributable to the well-established seasonal variation in soybean isoflavone (estrogenic endocrine disruptor) levels.”
During the past few decades multiple soy studies reporting a variety of severe and adverse health are increasingly published on NIH Toxnet and Pubmed websites, to include multiple studies published by FDA, NIH, NIEHS, and NCI scientists without public disclosure.
Why? There are at minimum 33 highly powerful soybean organizations throughout the U.S. such as; American Soybean Association, Soyatech, Inc, Soyfoods Association of North America, The Soyfoods Council, United Soybean Board, U.S. Soybean Export Council. There are multiple scientists, and universities across the USA that are directly or indirectly soy industry funded. Powerful corporations such as Monsanto, Archer Daniels Midland, and Dow Chemicals are also large profiteers from the processing and/or sale of soybeans.
Michael Taylor, former Monsanto attorney, currently holds title as Assistant to FDA Commissioner Hamburg. Supreme Court Judge Clarence Thomas was Monsanto attorney. Former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Anne Veneman was on Monsanto Board of Directors. Donald Rumsfeld was on Board of Directors of Monsanto’s Searle Pharmaceuticals. Former Secretary of Health Tommy Thompson had received $50,000 from Monsanto. Larry Combest, once the Chairman of House Agricultural Committee, as well as former Attorney General John Ashcroft received Monsanto donations…..how many more? And this is just one corporation with soy interests out of countless others! Soy lobbyists are frightfully omnipresent.
Infants who are fed soy formulas or foods have highest exposure to non-pharmacological source of estrogen-like compounds. The fact remains that overwhelming study evidence proving the cause of pain and suffering from severe and irreversible adverse soy phyto-toxic health effects remains silenced by those we are misled to trust. The FDA outrageously states that they have “other agency priorities” or that profiting industry must first determine and report adverse effects of their products, of soy before they will post evidence of adverse effects or legitimate WARNING labels.
If you request a copy of FDA MedWatch reports, here you will find a large collection of suffering U.S. parents who have reported a variety of severe and irreversible adverse soy effects caused to their once healthy children.
1999 FDA Federal Register reports that “GRAS status of soy protein food ingredients did not include a thorough evaluation of the safety of potentially harmful components, e.g. lysinoalanine, nitrites and nitrosamines, trypsin inhibitors, phytate and isoflavones.” While also reporting that “Trypsin inhibitors (have) potential effects on pancreatic function….deleterious effects in the pancreas….hyperplasia and formation of nodules seen in animal studies. Further…high levels of trypsin inhibitors in humans can evoke this mechanism.”Human consumption of soy remains an ongoing, undisclosed, and undocumented FDA health experiment that began with the production of soy; glues, paint, resins, plastics, ink, bio-diesel, and then evolved into soy foods, beverages and infant formulas! Soy and soy fillers are increasingly placed into the mouths of most men, women, children, infants, and also repeatedly contaminates developing fetus due to study evidence of maternal-placental transfer.
Estrogen targets the entire body endocrine systems, and one of the most sensitive hormone systems is the developing brain. Soy-caused endocrine disruptions in the brain are extensive and study reported to cause neurological (learning, behavioral) disorders that can be connected to the cause of autism. Soy phyto-toxicity is also reported to cause; allergies, asthma, seizures, gastrointestinal disorders, male and female reproductive disorders, (infertility, gender chaos, and homosexuality), diabetes, thyroid disease, kidney disease, leukemia, and in fact a variety of cancers including; testicular, breast, uterine, ovarian, pancreatic, and bladder, as well as accelerated growth of existing cancer. The whole truth is that there is rarely a disorder or disease that the FDA could argue is NOT caused by soy’s multiple phyto-toxic components as study proven below:
Google any of the following studies reporting Soy Phyto-Toxins; isoflavone endocrine disruptors (genistein, daidzein, glycitein), phytic acid, heavy metals, mineral defects, inhibitors of essential enzymes (topoisomerase, tyrosine kinase, and trypsin), are the cause of a host of adverse health effects.
Soy Studies Report Adverse Health Risks:
“FDA Scientists Against Soy” NIH, NIEHS Drs. Daniel Doerge and Daniel Sheehan. 1999. “We oppose this health claim because there is abundant evidence that some of the isoflavones found in soy, including genistein and equol, a metabolize of daidzen, demonstrate toxicity in estrogen sensitive tissues and in the thyroid. This is true in a number of species, including humans. Thus, during pregnancy in humans, isoflavones per se could be a risk factor for abnormal brain and reproductive tract development. Development is recognized as the most sensitive life stage for estrogen toxicity because of the indisputable evidence of a very wide variety of frank malformations and serious functional deficits in the experimental animals and humans. .....potency and dose differences between DES and the soy isoflavones do not provide any assurance that the soy protein isoflavones per se will be without adverse effects. Our conclusions are that no dose is without risk; the extent of risk is simply a function of dose. Additionally, isoflavones are inhibitors of the thyroid peroxidase which makes T3 and T4. Inhibition can be expected to generate thyroid abnormalities, including goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis. Moreover, there are significant reports of goitrogenic effects from soy consumption in human infants. .....consistent with reports of Fort et al of a doubling of risk for autoimmune thyroiditis in children who had received soy formulas as infants. The serum levels of isoflavones in infants receiving soy formula that are about five times higher than in women receiving soy supplements who show menstrual cycle disturbances, including an increased estradiol level in the follicular phase. Furthermore, we need to be concerned about transplacental passage of isoflavones as the DES case has shown us that estrogens can pass the placenta. Given that estrogens are important for maintenance of brain function in women; that the male brain contains aromatase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol; and that isoflavones inhibit this enzymatic activity..... Taken together, the findings presented here are self-consistent and demonstrate that genistein and other isoflavones can have adverse effects in a variety of species, including humans. The health labeling of soy protein isolate for foods needs to be considered just as would the addition of any estrogen or goitrogen to foods, which are bad ideas. Patients are informed of (estrogenic and goitrogenic drugs) risks, and are monitored by their physicians for evidence of toxicity. There are no similar safeguards in place for foods, so the public will be put at potential risk from soy isoflavones in soy protein isolate without adequate warning and information.”
"Soy infant formula and phytoestrogens" PG Tuohy 2003. "Soy infant formula contains high levels of the isoflavones, genistein and daidzein which are commonly referred to as phytoestrogens. These are an order of magnitude greater than the levels of isoflavones which have been shown to produce physiological effects in adult women consuming a high soy diet. Against this generally positive view there is an increasing number of recent reports that suggest that in experimental animals, phytoestrogens have adverse effects with respect to carcinogenesis, reproductive function, immune function and thyroid disease. .....most would argue for a precautionary approach to be taken in situations where there are potential developmental effects from the consumption of pharmacologically active compounds in infancy and childhood."
"Phytoestrogens in soy-based infant foods: concentrations, daily intake and possible biological effects." CH Irvine et al. 1998 "Exposure to estrogenic compounds may pose a developmental hazard to infants. The phytoestrogen content of cereals varied with brand.... When fed according to the manufacturer's instruction, soy formulas provide the infant with a daily dose rate of total isoflavones of approximately 3mg/kg body weight.... Supplementing the diet of 4-month-old infants with a single daily serving of cereal can increase their isoflavone intake by over 25%, depending on the brand chosen.. This rate of isoflavone intake is much greater than that shown in adult humans to alter reproductive hormones. Since the available evidence suggests that infants can digest and absorb dietary phytoestrogens in active forms and since neonates are generally more susceptible than adults to perturbations of the sex steroid milieu, we suggest that it would be highly desirable to study the effects of soy isoflavones on steroid-dependent developmental processes in human babies."
Soy Endocrine Disruptors:
"Xenobiotic Phenols in early pregnancy amniotic fluid" SM Engel et al. 2006. "We found detectable levels of three phytoestrogens (enterolactone, (soy) daidzein and (soy) genistein) and bispehnol A (BPA) in ....amniotic fluid specimens that wee collected before 20 weeks gestation. Phytoestrogens were present in higher concentrations than BPA. Amniotic fluid is a source of fetal exposure to polar xenobiotics that come from the mother."
"Environmental oestrogens--present understanding" KJ Turner and RM Sharpe 1997 "In addition to exposure to man-made chemicals, the consumption of plant-derived oestrogens in foodstuffs poses a potential risk to human health as (soy) phytoestrogens are more potent oestrogens and their intake by some infants is likely to be considerable."
“Soy as an endocrine disruptor: cause for caution?” DS Bar-El, and R Reifen. 2010. “Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) alter the function of the endocrine system and consequently cause adverse health effects. Phytoestrogens….abundantly found in soy and soy products, behave as weak estrogen mimics or as antiestrogens. They are considered to be EDC. Lifetime exposure to estrogenic substances, especially during critical periods of development, has been associated with formation of malignancies and several anomalies……possible adverse effects should not be taken lightly”.
“The pros and cons of phytoestrogens.” NIH, NIEHS report. HB Patisaul and W Jefferson. 2010. “Phytoestrogens are plant derived compounds found in a wide variety of foods, most notably soy. ….phytoestrogens ….are also considered endocrine disruptors, indicating that they have the potential to cause adverse health effects as well. Soy infant formula now constitutes up to a third of the US market and soy protein is now added to many processed foods. As weak estrogen agonists/antagonists with molecular and cellular properties similar to synthetic endocrine disruptors such as Bisphenol A (BPA), the phytoestrogens provide a useful model to comprehensively investigate the biological impact of endocrine disruptors in general. This review weighs evidence for and against purported health benefits and adverse effects of phytoestrogens. Phytoestrogens have the biggest impact on lifetime risk when exposure occurs prior to puberty and possibly before birth. Total isoflavone content in soy infant formula varies widely due to environmental and genetic differences between batches and sources.... Infants on soy formula consume approximately 6-9mg isoflavones per kg body weight per day...when adjusted for body weight that is up to seven times higher than for adults meeting the FDA soy consumption guideline.... Infants fed soy formula have circulating phytoestrogen concentrations .....13,000-22000 times higher than their own endogenous estrogen levels, 50-100 times higher than estradiol levels in pregnant women and 3000 times higher than estradiol levels at ovulation. In addition, at lease a level of magnitude higher than those for other endocrine disruptors including BPA and the phthalates. These blood levels are high enough to produce many of the physiological effects observed in research animals and human adults. The question of whether or not soy formula is safe has been extensively debated across the globe for more than a decade... Infants fed soy formula have the highest exposure to any nonpharmacological source of estrogen-like compounds..... The isoflavone phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein, as well as many others, have far greater relative binding affinities for both ER a and ERb than BPA, raising concern that these compounds pose an underappreciated threat to infant development. Animal data reveal that the isoflavones have a wide range of molecular, cellular, and behavioral effects at doses and plasma concentrations attainable in humans. Consumers should be aware that soy contains endocrine disrupting compounds and make dietary choices accordingly. Women who are pregnant, nursing, or attempting to become pregnant should use soy foods with caution and be aware that soy formula may not be the best option for their babies."
“Effects of endocrine disruptors on developmental and reproductive functions.” TA Brevinin et al. 2005. “Endocrine disruptors have adverse impacts on a number of developmental functions in wildlife and humans. Critical periods of urogenital tract and nervous system development in-utero and during early post-natal life are especially sensitive to hormonal disruption. Furthermore a wide range of hormone-dependent organs (pituitary gland, hypothalamus, reproductive tract) are targets of EDs disrupting affects in adult subjects. At present about 60 chemicals have been identified and characterized as EDs and belong to 3 main groups: (a) ….compounds in industry, agriculture and consumer products, (b)….pharmaceutical drugs: (c) Natural chemicals found in human and animal food (phytoestrogens).”
"Acute and Chronic Effects of Oral Genistein Administration in Neonatal Mice." MA Climafranca et al. 2010. "Soy-based infant formulas re widely used in the U.S..... These formulas contain high levels of the estrogenic isoflavone genistein, leading to concern that neonatal genistein exposure could cause acute and/or long-term adverse effects on reproductive and other organs. The immediate and long-term effects in this neonatal animal model raise concerns that high serum concentrations of genistein are estrogenic and could potentially impact the development of human infants fed soy formula."
“Pilot studies of estrogen–related physical findings in infants” JC Bembaum et al, 2008. “Soy formula containing estrogenic isoflavones is widely used in the United States. Infants consuming soy formula exclusively have high isoflavone exposures. Examination of infants for plausible effects of estrogens is valid and repeatable…..to evaluate exposures with estrogen-like effects.”
"Fetal exposure to phytoestrogens--the difference in phytoestrogen status between mother and fetus." E Todaka et al. 2005 "It was found that phytoestrogens were transferred from other to fetus. This study demonstrates placental transfer of phytoestrogens from mother to fetus....they tend to stay in the fetal side longer than in the maternal side. ....these data suggest that the effects of fetal exposure to phytoestrogens should be studied further."
“Possible Adverse Effects of Soy Isoflavone Mixture on Pregnant and Lactating Rats and their Suckling Pups.” S Ikegami et al. “However, isoflavones are well known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The possibility that soy foods might adversely affect the reproductive system of mothers and infants should be considered. We also found the transfer of isoflavones to the fetus. Our experiments suggested that soy isoflavones have the possibility of inducing adverse effects on endocrinic functions…”
“Phytoestrogens and their metabolites show distinct agonistic and antagonistic properties on estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and ERbeta in human cells.” SO Mueller et al. 2004. “However, due to activation/inhibition of the estrogen receptors ERalpha or ERbeta, these compounds may induce or inhibit estrogen action and therefore have the potential to disrupt estrogen signaling.”
“In vitro bioassays of non-steroidal phytestrogens” L Markiewicz et al. 1993. “Some of the isoflavonoids present in human diet…are expected to exert biological effects as they have been reported to bind to estrogen receptors and to be estrogenic in other species. The relative estrogenic potencies of estradiol, 3 dietary isoflavones (coumestrol, genistein and daidzein) and one of their metabolites (equol) were estimated by using ….estrogen-specific enhancement of alkaline phosphatase (AlkP) activity in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells…..The maximal ALKP activity elicited by the isoflavonoids tested was as high as that achieved with estradiol….These results indicate that estradiol and the (soy) isoflavones exert their effects on AlkP by similar interactions with the estrogen receptor….”
“Developmental and physiological effects of estrogen receptor gene disruption in mice.” J Lindsey and KS Korach. “Disruption of the estrogen receptor (ER) gene in mice causes infertility in both sexes…..with infertility stemming from altered sexual behaviors and disrupted gametogenesis.”
“Effects of dietary genistein exposure during development on male and female CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats.” KB Delclos et al. FDA NCTR 2001. “(Soy) Genistein is a naturally occurring isoflavone that interacts with estrogen receptors and multiple other molecular targets. Human exposure to genistein is predominantly through consumption of soy products, including soy-based infant formula and dietary supplements. …assess potential toxicities associated with genistein consumption…..Body weight….decreasing trend with a significant reduction at the highest does. Litter birth weight was depressed….pups of both sexes …had significantly decreased body weights….decreased ventral prostate weight in males….and trend toward higher pituitary gland to body weight rations in both sexes. ….female pubs revealed ductal/alveolar hyperplasia of mammary glands…Ductal/alveolar hyperplasia and hypertrophy also occurred in males, with significant effects seen at 25ppm and above. Abnormal cellular maturation in the vagina….abnormal ovarian antral follicles….In males aberrant or delayed spermatogenesis…deficit of sperm in the epididymis…Both sexes showed an increasing the incidence and/or severity of renal tubal mineralization…. Dietary genistein thus produced effects in multiple estrogen-sensitive tissues in male and females that are generally consistent with its estrogenic activity. These effects occurred within exposure ranges achievable in humans.”
“Detection of phytoestrogens in samples of second trimester human amniotic fluid.” WG Foster et al. 2002. “There is widespread concern that fetal exposure to hormonally active chemicals may adversely affect development of the reproductive tract. Second trimmest amniotic fluid contains quantifiable levels of dietary phytoestrogens and thus is a marker of mid-pregnancy fetal exposure.”
“Assessing the effects of endocrine disruptors in the National Children’s Study.” Phillip Landrigan et al. 2003. “Children are uniquely vulnerable to toxic chemicals….exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDs)-chemicals that have the capacity to interfere with hormonal signaling systems. It is hypothesized that in utero and early childhood exposures to EDs may be responsible, at least in part, for decreases in semen quality, increasing congenital malformations of reproductive organs, testicular cancer, and acceleration of puberty in females.”“Isoflavones in breastfed infants after mothers consume soy” Adrian A Franke et al. 2006. “…isoflavone values increased significantly from baseline after mothers ate soy…in breast milk…. and in infant urine. More isoflavones appear in children than in adults after adjustment for isoflavone intake. Systemic isoflavone exposure in infants can be determined by urinary analysis.”
“Soy infant Formula and phytoestrogens” PG Tuohy. 2003. “Infants consuming soy formula have high levels of circulating isoflavones…..magnitude greater than the levels of isoflavones which have been shown to produce physiological effects in adult women consuming a high soy diet….there is an increasing number of recent reports that suggest that in experimental animals, phytoestrogens have adverse effects with respect to carcinogenesis, reproductive function, immune function and thyroid disease. ….most would argue for a precautionary approach to be taken in situations where there are potential developmental effects from the consumption of pharmacologically active compounds in infants and childhood.”
“Isoflavones in soy infant formula: a review of evidence for endocrine and other activity in infants.” NIH NIEHS: A Chen and WJ Rogan. 2004 “We also summarized the estimates of the potency of the (soy) isoflavone compounds relative to estradiol. Give the scarcity and inconsistency of existing human data and the substantial laboratory evidence of hormonal and other activity at doses relevant to the soy-fed infant, we conclude that more clinical and epidemiological study is warranted.”
“Soy-based formulae and infant growth and development: a review” MA Mendez et al, “Nonetheless, given evidence suggesting that early exposure to soy and/or isoflavones might have long-term effects, further research following infants fed soy-based formula into adulthood is warranted.”
“Phytoestrogens in soy-based infant foods: concentrations, daily intake, and possible biological effects.” CH Irvine et al. 1998 “Exposure to estrogenic compounds may pose a developmental hazard to infants. Soy products, which contain the phytoestrogens, genistein and daidzein are becoming increasingly popular in infant foods. ….we measured total genistein and daidzein contents of commercially available soy-based infant formulas, infant cereals, dinners, and rusks. We also assayed phytoestrogens in dairy-based formulas and in breast milk from omnivorous or vegetarian mothers. The phytoestrogens content of cereals varied with brand, with genistein ranging from 3-287 microg-g and daidzein from 2-276 microg/g. …..soy formulas provide the infant with a daily dose rate of total isoflavones of approximately 3mg/kg body weight, which is maintained at a fairly constant level between 0-4 months of age. Supplementing the diet of 4- month-old infants with a single daily serving of cereal can increase their isoflavone intake by over 25% depending on the brain chosen. This rate of isoflavone intake is much greater than that shown in adult humans to alter reproductive hormones. Sine the available evidence suggests that infants can digest and absorb dietary phytoestrogens in active forms and since neonates are generally more susceptible than adults to perturbations of the sex steroid milieu, we suggest that it would be highly desirable to study the effects of soy isoflavones on steroid-dependent developmental processes in human babies.”
“A model to estimate the oestrogen receptor mediated effects from exposure to soy isoflavones in food.” B Safford et al. 2003. UK “….a major health claim that has been approved by the FDA in the USA, regarding potential protection from heart disease by soy. If an increase in soy consumption is beneficial to particular disease condition, there is always the possibility that there will be effects other than those that are desirable. For soy-containing foods there has been concern that the phytoestrogen content of soy….. could be a separate health issue, due to the oestrogen-like activity of isoflavones. ….the additional oestrogen-like activity that would be expected from inclusion of soy….in a Western diet, can be determined for different sub-populations, who may have different susceptibilities to the potential for the unwanted biological effects occurring with consumption of soy enriched foods.”
"Mass spectrometric determination of genistein tissue distribution in diet-exposed Sprague-Dawley rats." (NIH NCTR Study) HC Chang et al. 2000. "Endocrine-responsive tissues including brain, liver, mammary, ovary, prostate, testis, thyroid and uterus showed significant dose-dependent increases in total genistein concentration. ....provide a link with other studies in which blood concentrations and physiologic effects of genistein are measured."
Soy Cause of Cancer:
“Genistein and daidzein induce cell proliferation and their metabolites cause oxidative DNA damage in relation to isoflavone-induced cancer of estrogen-sensitive organs.” M Murata et al. 2004. “However, recent studies indicated that genistein and/or daidzein induced cancer of reproductive organs in rodents,… These findings suggest that oxidative DNA damage by isoflavone metabolites plays a role in tumor initiation and that cell proliferation by isoflavones via estrogen receptors to estrogen response elements binding induces tumor promotion and/or progression, resulting in cancer of estrogen-sensitive organs.”
(Note: Multiple studies report the soy-cause of cancers and cancer metastasis).
Soy Cause of Leukemia:
“Genistein induces topoisomerase llbeta- and proteasome-mediated DNA sequence rearrangements: Implications in infant Leukemia.” AM Azarova et al. 2010. “Together our results suggest a model in which genistein-induced Top2beta cleavage complexes are processed by proteasome…..processed by chromosome rearrangements, and implicate a major role of Top2beta and proteasome in genistein-induced infant leukemia.”
(Note- Multiple studies report this same soy-cause and DNA Damage).
Soy Cause of Bladder Cancer:
“Dietary soy and increased risk of bladder cancer: the Singapore Chinese Health Study.” CL Sun et al, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center. 2002. “The association between soyfood consumption and subsequent bladder cancer risk was investigated in a population-based cohort study, the Singapore Chinese Health Study. High intake of soyfood was statistically significantly related to an elevated risk of bladder cancer. The soy-cancer relationship became stronger when the analysis was restricted to subjects with longer (> or =3 years) duration of follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological report on the effect of dietary soy on bladder cancer.”
(Note- Multiple studies report soy-cause/conclusion.)
Soy Cause of Uterine Cancer:
“Increased Uterine Cancer Seen In Mice Injected with Genistein, a Soy Estrogen, As Newborns.” NIEHS report. Retha Newbold et al. “NIH News” May 31 2001; “Infant mice given genistein developed cancer of the uterus later in life. The scientists treated female mice for 5 days after birth with genistein, a substance in soy that is similar to the female hormone estrogen. Data suggest that geinstein is carcinogenic…..”
“Uterine adenocarcinoma in mice treated neonatally with genistein” NIEHS scientist RR Newbold et al. 2001 “The developing fetus is uniquely sensitive to perturbation with estrogenic chemicals…..DES is the classic example. Because phytoestrogen use….for infants and children is increasing, we investigated the carcinogenic potential of genistein, a naturally occurring plant estrogen in soy. At 18 months, the incidence of uterine-adenocarcinoma was 35% for genistein and 31% for DES. These data suggest that genistein is carcinogenic if exposure occurs during critical periods of (cell) differentiation. Thus, the use of soy-based infant formulas in the absence of medical necessity and the marketing of soy products designed to appeal to children should be closely examined.”
"The pros and cons of phytoestrogens." NIEHS report. HB Patisaul and W Jefferson. 2010. "In rodents neonatal exposure to genistein alters ovarian differentiation, reduces fertility, and causes uterine cancer later in life. These levels are similar to infants on soy-based infant formulas. Altered ovarian function has also been observed following developmental exposure to genistein. In addition, higher neonatal doses of genistein exposure were associated with decreased pituitary responsiveness and suppressed LH production in response to GnRH stimulation. The LH surge is necessary for ovulation....These data taken together suggest that HPG axis is disrupted following developmental exposure to genistein. There is a 50% loss of embryos during transit through the oviduct of genistein treated mice and embryo transfer experiments showed that the uterus of genistein treated mice is not capable of sustaining pregnancy.... These data suggest that there is permanent change in the function of the female reproductive tract that leads to complete infertility in these mice."
(Note – Multiple studies report this same soy phyto-toxic conclusion).
Soy-Cause of Breast Cancer in Women and Men:
"Maternal exposure to geinstein during pregnancy increases carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis in female rat offspring." LHilakivi-Clarke et al. "A maternal exposure to subcutaneous administration of genistein can increase mammary tumorigenesis in the offspring mimicking the effects of in utero estrogenic exposures."
"Dietary soy intake and breast cancer risk." CA Enderlin et al. 2009 "Women with health issues should avoid initiating high intake of soy dietary supplements until the possible effects are better understood. Nurses should become more knowledgeable about soy foods and supplements and include soy intake in dietary assessments. Nurses caring for women at high risk for or with a history of breast cancer should confer with dietitians on current practice recommendations."
“Soy diets containing varying amounts of genistein stimulate growth of estrogen dependent (MCF-7) tumors in a dose-dependent manner.” CD Allred et al. 2001. “We have demonstrated that the isoflavone, genistein, stimulates growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vivo. (C. Y. Hsieh et al., Cancer Res., 58: 3833-38, 1998). We present new information that soy protein isolates containing increasing concentrations of genistein stimulates growth of estrogen dependent breast cancer cells in vivo in a dose-dependent manner.”
"Genistein and ethinyl estradiol dietary exposure in multigenerational and chronic studies induce similar proliferative lesions in mammary gland of male Sprague-Dawley rats." JR Latendress et al. 2009. "...predominant tubuloalveolar growth in females and lobuloalveolar in males. Results substantiate and extend previous reports that mammary gland hyperplasia in the male rat is one of the most sensitive markers of estrogenic endocrine disruption."
"Lessons from dietary studies in Adventists and questions for the future." W. Willett. 2003. "...several intervention studies using high doses of soy estrogens have shown changes in breast nipple fluid that would predict higher rates of breast cancer."
“Lessons from dietary studies in Adventists and questions for the future” W Willet. 2003. “There is even some suggestion that risk of breast cancer may increase with duration of being a vegetarian. …several intervention studies using high doses of soy estrogens have shown changes in breast nipple fluid that would predict higher rates of breast cancer.”
“Early life and adult exposure to isoflavones and breast cancer risk.” RS Tomar, R Shiao. 2008. “(Soy) Isoflavones are structurally similar to estrogens and may act as estrogen agonists or antagonists by binding to estrogen receptors. Because of an increased use of isoflavones in processed foods and dietary supplements as well as the greater consumption of soy products, dietary intakes of isoflavones are increasing in children and adolescents in North America.….we review the existing epidemiological and experimental animal studies for a resolution to a proposed correlation between increased isoflavone consumption and breast cancer. Isoflavones are weak estrogens and their effect depends upon the dose, time of exposure, and species involved. It would, therefore, not be safe to indisputably accept soy as a source of isoflavone resource to prevent breast cancer.”"Early life and adult exposure to isoflavones and breast cancer risk" RS Tomer and R Shiao. 2008. "Isoflavones are weak estrogens and their effects depends upon the dose, time of exposure and species involved. It would, therefore, not be safe to indisputedly accept soy or red-clover as a source of isoflavone to prevent breast cancer."
"Genistein and ethinyl estradiol dietary exposure in multigenerational and chronic studies induce similar proliferative lesions in mammary gland of male Sprague-Dawly rats." JR Latendresse et al. 2009. "....mammary hyperplasia was induced by both compounds... induced by genistein or ethinyl estradiol. Results substantiate and extend previous reports that mammary gland hyperplasia in the male rat is one of the most sensitive markers of estrogenic endocrine disruption."
"Dietary genistein results in larger MNU-induced, estrogen-dependent mammary tumors following ovariectomy of Sprague-Dawley rats." CD Allred et al. 2004. "Due to the estrogenic properties of soy-derived isoflavones, many postmenopausal women are using these compounds as a natural alternative to hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Genistein treatment also resulted in a higher percentage of proliferative cells in tumors and increased uterine weights.... ....dietary genistein can stimulate the growth of mammary carcinogen MNU-induced estrogen-dependent mammary tumors."
"The pros and cons of phytoestrogens" NIEHS study. HB Patisaul and W Jefferson. 2010. " .....authors to conclude that Caucasian women who ate more soy over their lifetime had denser breast tissue. The hypothesis that exposure to soy phytoestrogens early in life can alter the timing and character of breast development is supported by a 2008 cross-sectional study of 694 girls in Israel..... It is unclear how this may impact lifetime risk of developing breast cancer but argues for a more thorough investigation...... Although a myriad of factors......complicate the potential impact of soy consumption on breast tumor proliferation, movement towards a clear consensus-based set of guidelines is badly needed. In addition to females developing ductal-alveolar hyperplasia in the mammary gland, males in this study development mammary gland hypertrophy at (genistein) doses at or above the 22mg/kg."
“Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of genistein (Cas No. 446-72-0) in Sprague-Dawley rats (feed study).” National Toxocology Program, NTP 2008. “Genistein is a naturally occurring isoflavone that interacts with estrogen receptors and multiple other molecular targets. Human exposure is predominantly through consumption of soy products, including soy-based infant formula and dietary supplements. ….concerns have also been raised regarding potential adverse effects of genistein particularly with regard to reproductive toxicity and the induction or potentiation of carcinogenesis, due primarily to its weak estrogenic activity. In F(1)C (first generation, continuous exposure) males, a significant positive trend occurred in the incidences of combined adenoma or carcinoma of the pancreatic islets. In F(1) C females there was a significant positive trend in the incidences of mammary gland adenoma or adenocarcinoma…. There were positive trends in the incidences of adenoma or carcinoma (combined) in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland of females in the F(1)C and F(1)T140 (trunicated at postnatal day 140) arms. The effects of genistein….are consistent with an estrogenic mechanism of toxicity.”
(Multiple studies conclude soy-cause of breast tumors and/or proliferation).
Soy Cause of Pancreatic Cancer:
“Residue trypsin inhibitor: data needs for risk assessment.” FDA report: JN Hathcock Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 1991 “Chronic feeding of trypsin inhibitor, or products that contain trypsin inhibitor (soy) can inhibit trypsin and chymotrypsin, stimulate their secretion, cause hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pancreas, and lead to adenomas and carcinomas.”
“Possible adverse effects of soybean anticarcinogens.” IE Liener. 1995. “The prolonged feeding of raw soy flour or an enriched trypsin inhibitor fraction from soybeans to rats results in the development of hyperplastic and neoplastic nodules of the pancreas, including carcinomas.”
“Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the rat pancreas produced by short-term dietary administration of soya-derived protein and soybean trypsin inhibitor.” JC Smith et al. USDA Albany, CA 1989. “Feeding soy protein concentrate to weaning rats over a one-week period produced a dose-related increase in pancreatic weight….Hyperplastic changes occur simultaneously. The results suggest that this approach may be useful as a model to investigate the effects of plant-derived material on the pancreas, in particular proliferative lesions.”
“Stimulation of the growth of azaserine-induced nodules in the rat pancreas by dietary camostate (FOY-305.” EF Lhoste et al. 1988. “The effects of dietary camostate (FOY-305), a synthetic trypsin inhibitor, on the early states of pancreatic carcinogenesis in the rat were studies because of earlier reports that feeding soybean trypsin inhibitor stimulated growth and promoted carcinogenesis in the pancreas of rats. The data suggest a promoting effect…..”
“Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of genistein (Cas No. 446-72-0) in Sprague-Dawley rats (feed study).” National Toxocology Program, NTP 2008. “Genistein is a naturally occurring isoflavone that interacts with estrogen receptors and multiple other molecular targets. Human exposure is predominantly through consumption of soy products, including soy-based infant formula and dietary supplements. ….concerns have also been raised regarding potential adverse effects of genistein particularly with regard to reproductive toxicity and the induction or potentiation of carcinogenesis, due primarily to its weak estrogenic activity. In F(1)C (first generation, continuous exposure) males, a significant positive trend occurred in the incidences of combined adenoma or carcinoma of the pancreatic islets. In F(1) C females there was a significant positive trend in the incidences of mammary gland adenoma or adenocarcinoma….There were positive trends in the incidences of adenoma or carcinoma (combined) in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland of females in the F(1)C and F(1)T140 (trunicated at postnatal day 140) arms. The effects of genistein….are consistent with an estrogenic mechanism of toxicity.”
“Implications of antinutritional components in soybean foods.” IE Liener. 1994 “There are a number of components present in soybeans that exert a negative impact on the nutritional quality of the protein. Protease inhibitors exert their antinutritional effect by causing pancreatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia, which ultimately results in an inhibition of growth……the antinutritional effects produced by relatively heat stable factors, such as goitrogens, tannins, phytoestrogens, flatus-producing oligosaccharides, phytate, and saponins. The processing of soybeans under severe alkaline conditions leads to the formation of lysinoalanine which has been shown to damage the kidneys of rats. Also meriting consideration is the allergenic response that may sometimes occur in humans…”
(Note- Multiple studies report this same soy-cause/conclusion).
Soy-Cause of Thymus Masses, Thyroid and Immune Dysfunction:
"Early exposure to genistein exerts long-lasting effects on the endocrine and immune systems in rats." SL Klein et al. 2002. "The primary goal of this study was to compare the effects of perinatal exposure with life-long exposure to genistein and estrogenic compound in soy on the endocrine and immune system in adulthood. Relative thymus masses were greater among males exposed to the high genistein diet than among males exposed to no genistein. These data illustrate that exposure to genistein during pregnancy and lactation exerts long-lasting effects on the endocrine and immune systems in adulthood."
"Breast and soy-formula feedings in early infancy and the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in children" P Fort et al. 1990 "Since thyroid alterations are among the most frequently encountered autoimmune conditions in children, we studied whether breast and soy-containing formula feedings in early life were associated with the subsequent development of autoimmune thyroid disease. Therefore, this retrospective analysis documents the association of soy formula feeding in infancy and autoimmune thyroid disease."
“Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones.” NIEHS Scientists Daniel R. Doerge and Daniel Sheehan. 2002. “Soy is known to produce estrogenic isoflavones. Although safety testing natural products, including soy products, is not required, the possibility that widely consumed soy products may cause harm in the human population via either or both estrogenic and goitrogenic activities is of concern. Rigorous, high-quality experimental and human research into soy toxicity is the best way to address these concerns. Similar studies in wildlife populations are also appropriate.”
“A soy diet accelerates renal damage in autoimmune MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice.” JH Zhao et al. 2005. “Isoflavones, which are phytoestrogen present in large quantities in soy and soy-derived products have estrogenic activity, inhibit protein tyrosine kinase, and exert other effects in the human body. In the present study the influence of a soy diet on lupus disease in ….mice was investigated. The soy diet exacerbated renal damage, accelerated proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine concentrations, and reduced creatinine clearance. A tendency toward an increase in thymus weight and proliferation of T cells in spleen and B cells in lymph nodes were found at the age of 16 weeks. These findings indicate that a soy diet in comparison with a casein diet significantly exacerbates the clinical course of this autoimmune disease.”
“The phytoestrogen genistein induces thymic and immune changes: a human health concern? By, Srikanth Yellayi et al. 2002. “These results raise the possibility that serum genistein concentrations found in soy-fed infants may be capable of producing thymic and immune abnormalities, suggested by previous reports of immune impairments in soy-fed human infants.”
“A cluster of thyrotoxicosis associated with consumption of a soy milk product.” R O’Connell et al. December 2005. “….soy milk that had unexpectedly high levels of iodine. This investigation raises issues about quality control in manufacturing processes and the monitoring of food products for their safety…..and health professional awareness of the potential health effects from food additives in some processed foods.”
(Note: Soy causes deficiencies in iodine levels and may be added to soy in dangerous excess.)
“Breast and soy-formula feedings in early infancy and the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in children.” P Fort et al. 1990 “However the frequency of feedings with soy-based milk formulas in early life was significantly higher in children with autoimmune thyroid disease……Therefore this retrospective analysis documents the association of soy formula feedings in infancy and autoimmune thyroid disease.”
"Anti-thyroid isoflavones from soybean:isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action." RL Divi et al. 1997 "The soybean has been implicated in diet-induced goiter by many studies. The extensive consumption of soy products in infant formulas and vegetarian diets makes it essential to define the goitrogenic potential. The IC50 values for inhibition of TPO-catalyzed reactions by genistein and daidzein were ca. 1-10mcroM. concentrations that approach the total isoflavone levels previously measured in plasma from humans consuming soy products. Because inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis can induce goiter and thyroid neoplasia in rodents, delineation of anti-thyroid mechanisms for soy isoflavones may be important for extrapolating goitrogenic hazards identified in chronic bioassays to humans consuming soy products."
“The developmental role of thyroid hormones” By SP Porterfield. 1999. “..…the thyroid-pituitary-hypothalamic axis is functional early in gestation…. While thyroid hormones can influence neurological function throughout life, there is a ‘critical’ period for thyroid hormone mediated brain development that begins in utero and extends through 2-3 years of age in humans. Excessive or deficient hormone levels during this period can cause irreversible brain damage.”
"Hypothyroidism in the developing rat brain is associated with marked oxidative stress and aberrant intraneuronal accumulation of neurofilaments." SO Rahaman et al. 2001. "The morphological and biochemical alterations in the neurons of the developing hypothyroid brain are comparable to those seen in several neurodegenerative diseases."
"Perinatal and Chronic Hypothyroidism impair behavioral development in male and female rats." N.Van Wijk et al. 2008 "A lack of thyroid hormone, i.e. hypothyroidism during early development results in multiple morphological and functional alterations in the developing brain."
(Note- Multiple studies report soy-cause of hypothyroidism, as one of many ways that soy phyto-toxins can destroy the developing brain).
Soy Causation of Irreversible Brain Damage:
"Effects of genistein in the maternal diet on reproductive development and spatial learning in male rats" Evan R. Ball et al. Jan. 2010 "Endocrine disruptors, chemicals that disturb the actions of endogenous hormone have been implicated in birth defects associate with hormone-dependent development. Phytoestrogens are a class of endocrine disruptors.... data indicate that exposure to genistein through the maternal diet significantly impacts growth in male offspring....reproductive development and spatial learning...."
"Estrogenic Actions in the Brain: Estrogen, Phytoestrogens, and Rapid Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms." Scott Belcher and Attila Zsarnovszky 2001. "...we will briefly discuss phytoestrogens and suggest that these compounds have the potential to influence rapid 17b-estradiol-induced mechanisms in the nervous system in ways that may result in modified brain functions."
“Influence of endocrine active compounds on the developing rodent brain” HB Patisaul and EK Polston. 2008. “Changes in the volumes of sexually dimorphic brain nuclei are often used as a biomarker for developmental disruption by endocrine-active compounds (EACs). We further demonstrated that neonatal exposure to the EACs genistein and Bisphenol-A (BPA) can affect sexually dimorphic brain morphology and neuronal phenotypes in adulthood.... Finally, developmental EAC exposure has been shown to affect a variety of sexually dimorphic behaviors including reproductive behavior could translate to decreased fitness of entire populations.”
“Distribution and differences of estrogen receptor beta immunoreactivity in the brain of adult male and female rats.” JQ Zhang et al. 2002. “Studies have shown that estrogen plays important roles in regulating neural structure and function in the brain. (1) ER-beta immunoactive material was mainly localized in the neuronal nucleus, but it was also detectable in the cytoplasm and neuronal processes; (2) in both male and female rats, high levels of ER-beta immunopositive signals were detected in the anterior olfactory nucleus, cerebral cortex, Purkinje cells, vertical limb of the diagonal band, red nucleus, locus ceruleus and motor trigeminal nucleus. Moderate levels were found in the medial septum, lateral amygdaloid nucleus, subtantia nigra, and central gray. Weak signals were localized in other subregions of the hypothalamus and amygdaloid complex. The above results provide the first detailed evidence that ER-beta protein is widely distributed in both male and female rat brains…..”
"The pros and cons of phytoestrogens" NIEHS study. HB Patisaul and W Jefferson 2010 " ......isoflavone intake can suppress female sex behavior in rats....demonstrating the potential for soy isoflavones to suppress sexual motivation. Other behaviors may be affected as well including social, aggressive and anxiety-related behaviors. Increased aggression and circulating testosterone levels.... Animals on the phytoestrogen-rich diet also had lower vasopressin (V1a) receptor expression in the lateral septum but higher V1a expression in lateral hypothalamus indicating that the altered behavior might result from changes within vasopressin signaling pathways. Similarly, male rats maintained on a diet containing....genistein and daidzein displayed increased anxiety and elevated stress-induced plasma vasopressin and corticosterone levels. Elevated hypothlamic vasopressin has also been reported in rats fed a diet containing 1250 ppm genistein across the lifespan. Anxiolytic effects of phytoestrogen-rich diets have also been reported in gonadally intact male and female rats exposed over their entire lifetimes but not when administered briefly in adulthood. Phytoestrogen intake can also affect behavior in non-human primates. Males cynomolgus monkeys fed soy protein isolate containing 1.88mg isoflavone/g protein over 18 months demonstrated higher frequencies of intense aggressive (67% higher) and submissive (203% higher) behaviors as well as a decreased proportion of time (68% reduction) spent in physical contact with other monkeys. Phytoestrotens have widespread effects in the adult brain.... Both the PVN and the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) are critical nuclei for the initiation and regulation of sex behavior and each contains primarily one ER subtype. .....genistein stimulate ER BmRNA expression in the PVN, an effect opposite to that of 17 B-estradiol. ....the PVN is the primary site of oxytocin (OT) production, a peptide hormone important for social behavior and the faciliation of sexual behavior. Consumption of the commercially prepared phytoestrogen supplement......attenuated the estrogen-dependent up-regulation of oxytocin receptor in the rat VMN an effect which was accompanied by reduced lordosis. A possibility of increasing concern is that phytoestrogens may interfere with the organizational role of estrogen in the developing brain and reproductive system. Regardless of the animal model used, manipulation of estrogen during specific critical window of development throughout gestation and early infancy leads to a myriad of adverse health outcomes including malformations in the ovary, uterus, mammary gland, and prostate, early puberty, reduced fertility, disrupted brain organization, and reproductive tract cancer. These effects mirror some very disturbing public health trends in the Western nations. ”
“Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta.” GG Kuiper et al. 1999. “....…the estrogenic potency of phytoestrogens is significant especially for ER beta, and they may trigger many of the biological responses that are evoked by the physiological estrogens.”
“Phytoestrogen action in the adult and developing brain.” HB Patisaul. 2005 “Soy isoflavonoids are plant phytoestrogens….increasingly advocated as a natural alternative to oestrogen replacement therapy. …..the isoflavonoids provide a useful model to investigate the actions of endocrine disruptors. …..isoflavonoids act in vivo through both ERalpha and ERbeta. Their neurobehavioral actions are largely anti-oestrogenic….an action in opposition to that of oestradiol. Small, physiologically relevant exposure levels can alter oestrogen-depended gene expression in the brain and affect complex behaviour in a wide range of species. The implications for these finding in humans, and particularly in infants….are subject of increasing public interest.”
“Soy isoflavone supplements antagonize reproductive behavior and estrogen receptor alpha-and beta-dependent gene expression in the brain.” HB Patisaul et al. 2001. “Similarily, in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, (soy isoflavone) supplement treatment diminished the estrogen-dependent up-regulation of oxytocin receptor by 10.5%. Supplement treatment also resulted in a significant decrease in receptive behavior in estrogen-and progesterone- primed females. The observed disruption of sexual receptivity by the isoflavone supplement is probably due to anti-estrogenic effects observed in the brain. . These results suggest that isoflavone phytoestrogens are antiestrogenic on both ERalpha- and ER beta-dependent gene expression in the brain and estrogen-dependent behavior.”
“Infant formulas and soy protein-based formulas: current data” A Bocquet et al. 2001. “Studies have shown that soy bean-based formulas (SBBF) contain large quantities of phytoestrogens, particularly isoflavone. Because of experimental data suggesting a possible deleterious effect of phytoestrogens on the neuroendocrine maturation, the reduction of their content in SBBF must be considered.”
“Genotoxicity of the isoflavones genistein, daidzein and equol in V79 cells” Al Di Virgilio et al 2004. “Studies have shown that soybean-based formulas (SBBF) contain large quantities of phytoestrogens, particularly isoflavone. Because of experimental data suggesting a possible deleterious effect of phytoestrogen on the neuroendocrine maturation, the reduction of the content in SBBF must be considered.”
“Soy-Induced Brain Atrophy?” Ian Williams Goddard 2003. “Positive correlation between tofu consumption and brain atrophy in men. Soy phytoestrogen genistein inhibits neuroprotective functions…in vivo findings strengthen the case for possible causal mechanism of soy-induced neurodegeneration.”
"Genotoxic activity of four metabolites of the soy isoflavone daidzein" Elmar Schmitt et al. 2003 "Thus both reductive and oxidative metabolites of the soy isoflavone daidzein exhibit genotoxic potential in vitro."
“Neuronal apoptosis resulting from high dose of the isoflavone genistein: role for calcium and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase” NJ Linford et al 2001. “These findings provide evidence for a proapoptotic function….and raise caution about potential side effects in the nervous system with genistein use as a high-dose therapeutic agent.”
“17beta-Estradiol and the phytoestrogen genistein attenuate neuronal apoptosis induced by the endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin” NJ Linford and DM Dorsa 2002. “Genistein is an isoflavone soy derivative that binds to estrogen receptors….In this study we have shown that 50nM genistein significantly reduces neuronal apoptosis in an estrogen receptor-dependent manner. The importance of apoptosis in the brain has been recognized with regard to organization of the developing brain as well as degeneration in response to disease or stroke….Our results demonstrate that genistein and 17beta-estradiol have comparable anti-apoptotic properties in primary cortical neurons…mediated through estrogen receptors.….”
“Effects of a commercial soy lecithin preparation on development of sensorimotor behavior and brain biochemistry in the rat.” JM Bell and PK Lundberg. 1985. “The results indicate that dietary soy lecithin preparation enrichment during development leads to behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities in exposed offspring.”
“Perinatal dietary exposure to soy lecithin: altered sensitivity to central cholinergic stimulation.” JM Bell et al. 1986. “Maternal intake of soy lecithin preparation (SLP) exposure produced a suppression of the cholinergic response in the offspring…. The effect occurred early in the preweaning stage, a period in which SLP exposure also enhances development of cholinergic synaptic development and reactivity, followed by secondary changes in other neurotransmitter pathways and by more generalized effects on basal membrane phospholipids turnover.”
“Perinatal dietary supplementation with a soy lecithin preparation: effects on development of central catecholaminergic neurotransmitter systems.” JM Bell et al. 1986. “Previous work has shown that exposure of developing rats to soy lecithin preparations (SLP) influences macromolecular constituents of immature brain cells and causes abnormal behavioral patterns. These data indicate that dietary supplementation with SLP throughout perinatal development alters synaptic characteristics in a manner consistent with disturbances in neural functions.”
“Placental transfer of the soy isoflavone genistein following dietary and gavage administration to Sprague Dawley rats.” By NIEHS Scientists DR Doerge et al. March 2001. “Genistein, the principal soy isoflavone has estrogenic activity….Fetal brain contained predominately genistein aglycone at levels similar to those in the maternal brain. These studies show that genistein aglycone crosses the rat placenta and can reach fetal brain from maternal serum genistein levels that are relevant to those observed in humans.”
“FDA Scientists Against Soy.” NIEHS report. Drs. Doerge and Sheehan. March 2001. “Given that estrogens are important for maintenance of brain function….the male brain contains aromatase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol; and that (soy) isoflavones inhibit this enzymatic activity.”
“High tofu intake is associated with worse memory in elderly Indonesian men and women.” E Hogervorst et al. 2008. “The results for tofu consumption as a risk factor for low memory function may tie in with the Honolulu Asia Aging Study data (in men). Estrogen (through which receptors phytoestrogens can exert effects) was found to increase dementia risk in women over 65 years of age.”
“The soya isoflavone content of rat diet can increase anxiety and stress hormone release in the male rat.” DE Hartley et al, 2003. “Major changes in behavioural measures of anxiety and in stress hormones can result from the soya isoflavone content of rat diet.”
“The neurobehavioral effects of phytoestrogens in male Syrian hamsters.” TO Moore et al. 2004. “In sum, these data present the first evidence that phytoestrogens affect aggressive behavior and, concurrently alter hormonal status and stimulate changes in the brain of male hamsters.”
“Increased aggressive behavior and decreased affiliative behavior in adult male monkeys after long-term consumption of diets rich in soy protein and isoflavones.” NG Simon et al, 2004. “Estrogen….has an important faciliative role in male-typical aggressive behavior that is mediated through its interaction with estrogen receptors in the brain. Isoflavones found in soybeans and soy-based dietary supplements bind ER and have dose-and tissue-dependent effects on estrogen-mediated responses. The results indicate that long-term consumption of a diet rich in soy isoflavones can have marked influences on patterns of aggressive and social behavior.”
“Effects of genistein exposure on sexually dimorphic behaviors in rats.” KM Flynn et al, FDA. 2000 “The phytoestrogen genistein, the principal isoflavone in soybeans, has adverse effects on animal reproduction. As adult physiology and behavior are sensitive to perturbation by developmental estrogens, exposure to genistein during development may produce behavioral alterations as well.”
“Manganese content of soy or rice beverages is high in comparison to infant formulas.” KA Cockell et al. 2004 “Well-meaning but inadequately informed parents may perceive plant-based beverages such as soy beverages….as an alternative to infant formula. Manganese (Mn) is an essential mineral nutrient found at high levels in plants such as soy…Excessive MN exposure increases the risk of adverse neurological effects. Soy beverages….should not be fed to infants because they are nutritionally inadequate and contain Mn at levels which may present an increased risk of adverse neurological effects if used as a sole source of nutrition.”
“In vitro availability of minerals in infant food with different protein source.” F Perez-Llamas et al 2001. “As the result of the digestion process, it is produced at gastrointestinal level interaction between proteins-minerals and minerals-minerals that might modify the bioavailabilty of the nutrients initially designed for an adequate nutrition in infant formulas. Milk-protein based infant formulas showed for both manufacturers higher dialysis percentage of phosphorus and zinc than the soy-protein based formulas. The availability of iron in the soy formula of the first manufacturer was significantly lower. Dialysability of all the minerals analyzed from soy-protein based formulas showed significant differences depending on the manufacturer. It could be more interesting to use soy proteins more purified, with low level of phytic acid…than to supplement them with high amounts of minerals.”
“Effect of reducing the phytate content and of partially hydrolyzing the protein in soy formula on zinc and copper absorption and status in infant rhesus monkeys and rat pups.” B Lonnerdal et al. 1999. “Although soy formulas have been designed to meet the nutrient requirements of human infants, they also contain phytate, which may negatively affect trace element absorption. In first monkey study, zinc absorption at 1 mo was higher from low-phytate soy formula than from regular soy formula. Plasma copper was significantly lower in monkeys fed low-phytate soy formula from 2 to 4 mo. In rat pups, zinc absorption was significantly higher from low-phytate soy formula than from regular soy formula…. In the second monkey study, plasma copper concentrations were highest in monkeys fed the low-phytate, hydrolyzed-protein soy formula. Reducing the phytate content and partially hydrolyzing the protein in soy formula had a beneficial effect on zinc and copper absorption….”
Journal of “Pediatrics” Vol 101, January 1998. “Although the aluminum content of human milk is 4-65ng/mL that of soy protein-based formula is 600 to 1300ng/mL. The toxicity of aluminum is traced to increased deposition in bone and in the central nervous system.”
(Note: There are massive numbers of published studies reporting body and brain health-threatening soy deficiencies in; zinc, iron, thiamin, phosphorous, magnesium, and zinc. Soy health-threats also are due to dangerous increased levels of; calcium, calbindin D28, selenium, manganese, aluminum, cadmium, thallium, lead, hemagglutinins, cyanide, saponins, nitrites, furans and adipopnectins (modulator of insulin actions).
“Oxytocin and the neural mechanisms regulating social cognition and affiliative behavior.” HE Ross and LJ Young. 2009 “Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and released into the circulation through the neurohypophyseal system. Oxytocin regulates alloparental care, and pair bonding…… Social recognition in male and female mice is also modulated by oxytocin. In humans, oxytocin increases gaze to the eye region of human faces and enhances interpersonal trust and the ability to infer the emotions of others from facial cues.”
“Dietary exposure to genistein increases vasopressin but does not alter beta-endorphin in the rat hypothalamus.” SC Scallet et al. 2003 “Vasopressin is a neurosecretory nonapeptide synthesized primarily in neurons of the hypothalamus and secreted into the blood stream from the posterior lobe of the pituitary. It has been reported that exposure to 17beta-estradiol or diethylstilbesterol increased the vasopressin content of the hypothalamus. …vasopressin levels were significantly elevated in the 1250-ppm genistein group. Elevated vasopressin levels may be associated with fluid balance, altered blood pressure and cardiovascular effects.”
Autism: Soy, contains active endocrine disruptors that have the potential to disrupt several hypothalamic neurotransmitter systems especially during most fragile brain development. Brain cell disruptions are proven to be caused by developmental exposure to soy's endocrine disrupting compounds, soy disruptions in multiple mineral levels, soy's high level of heavy metals, soy's anti-nutrients, and soy's inhibition of essential enzymes.
Soy disrupts normal brain exposure to estrogenic hormones resulting in a proven threat to the function of several neurotransmitter systems: vasopressin, oxytocin, serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, choline that irreversibly damages brain development. Soy estrogenic endocrine disruptors inhibit GABA receptors that interrupt cellular mitrochondra functions, as an example of cascading effects caused by soy neurotoxicity. Soy increases cholecystokinin release implicating a variety of cellular dysfunctions. Soy inhibition of tyrosine kinase is also reported to damage neurotransmitter and other essential hormone systems. Soybean inhibition of tyrosine kinases disrupts and inhibits MET signaling involved in potential cause of autism disorder. MET gene mutations are also associated with the cause of cancer.
Soy-toxicity has also been linked to causing seizures, and the gastrointestinal distress that commonly plagues autistic children. Soy-caused damage to the thymus and thyroid also encourages immune deficiency disease as well as brain damaging effects. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is a target of endocrine disrupting chemicals such as soy. Soybeans are accepted as "goitrogens" or know to interfere with thyroid gland hormones. Thyroid damage can result in permanent alterations of cerebral cortical architecture reminiscent of those observed in autism.
“Autism: transient in utero hypothyroxinemia related to maternal flavonoid ingestion during pregnancy and to other environmental antithyroid agents.” GC Roman. 2007. “Experimental animal models have shown that transient intrauterine deficits of thyroid hormones (as brief as 3 days) result in permanent alterations of cerebral cortical architecture reminiscent of those observed in brains of patients with autism. The most common causes could include inhibition of deiodinases D2 or D3 from maternal ingestion of dietary flavonoids or from antithyroid environmental contaminants. Some plant (soy) isoflavonoids have profound effects on thyroid hormones and on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Genistein and daidzein from soy inhibit thyroperoxidase that catalyzes iodination and thyroid hormone biosynthesis. The current surge of autism could be related to transient maternal hypothyroxinemia resulting from dietary and/or environmental exposure to antithyroid agents.”
“Behavioral effects of endocrine-disrupting substances: phytoestrogens” ED Lephart et al. 2004 “Soy-derived isoflavones are the most abundant and in many ways the most studied phytoestrogens, and phytoestrogens (isoflavones) are known endocrine disruptors. Research is reviewed that identifies the physiological and behavioral endocrine-disrupting effects of dietary phytoestrogens in animal diets…. The isoflavones genistein and daidzein have similar molecular weights and structural characteristics to that of 17-beta estradiol, which may enable them to exert estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties are described and characterized. Daidzein can be further metabolized to the potent and abundant molecule equol….. Equol has the unique and important ability to specifically bind 5 alpha-dihydro-testosterone, and to act in turn to inhibit the action of this potent androgen. The specific influence of dietary soy phytoestrogens on consumptive, learning and memory, and anxiety-related behaviors is identified. Regulatory behaviors such as food and water intake, adipose deposition and leptin, and insulin levels affected by dietary isoflavones are also discussed.”
“Increased volume of the calbinin D28k-labeled sexually dimorphic hypothalamus in genistein and nonylphenol-treated male rats.” AC Scallet et al. 2004. “The adult rat brain develops through an interplay of neuronal proliferation and programmed cell death. Endocrine disruptors may alter the balance between these competing processes. Both genistein and nonylphenol were found to increase the volume of the CALB-SDN in male rats, not female rats.”
(The above study could make the difference in resulting 4 to 1 ratio of males with higher risk of autism than girls. As well as the point that males may be more sensitive than females to adverse estrogenic endocrine disruptors effects.)
(Note- Multiple studies report direct and indirect as well as cascading effects of soy-causation of irreversible brain disorders as related to autism. To be continued in the next more detailed study list proving direct and indirect soy-causation of autism and behavioral disorders).
Soy-Cause of Intestinal Damage:
“Genistein at a concentration present in soy infant formula inhibits Caco-2BBe cell proliferation by causing G3/M cell cycle arrest.” AC Chen and SM Donovan 2004. “…U.S. infants are fed soy formulas containing up to 47mg/L of isoflavones thus, these infants’ intestines are exposed to a high does of genistein, a phytoestrogen and tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Thus, a biphasic effects of genistein was seen with a low dose stimulating intestinal cell proliferation through the estrogen receptor, whereas a high dose of genistein inhibited intestinal cell proliferation and altered cell cycle dynamics. A high dose of genistein may potentially compromise intestinal growth.”
Soy-Cause of Liver Damage:
“Effects of endothelin antagonists on isolated perfused murine livers in the early phase of warm ischemia-reperfusion injury under propofol anesthesia.” K Tanaka et al. 1999. “We investigated the effects of selective and non-selective enodthelin antagonists on warm ischemia-reperfusion injury of the early phase in the murine liver under propofol anesthesia. The soy oil group showed significantly more liver damage and the propofol group showed no damage.”
Soy-Cause of Adverse Reproductive Effects in Women….. Fetus, Infant, & Child:
“SOYA ANTICARCINOGENS” Crisp Data Base NIH 1998. “Our previous studies have shown that consumption of soymilk containing significant qualities of the phytoestrogens, daidzein and genistein for one month effectively reduces levels of endogenous sex steroid hormone in men and women. ….soya consumption associated with these measurable endocrine changes. Adverse reproductive effect has been observed in few species of animals……and have been associated with the duration and quantity of phytoestrogen consumption, and are determined by inter-species difference in phytoestrogen metabolism. We have observed considerable interindividual, gender, and menstrual cycle phase-specific variation in the metabolism of phytoestrogens in humans. Based on animal data, such individual variability may influence both the potentially oncoprotective and adverse effects of soy.”
"The pros and cons of phytoestrogens." NIEHS report. HB Patisaul and W. Jefferson 2010. "2009 meta-analysis concluded that pre-menopausal women, isoflavone intake increases cycle length and suppresses LH and FSH levels. This....indicates that use of soy foods should be approached with caution in women attempting to become pregnant or experiencing menstrual cycle irregularities. There are also indications that female fecundity is declining, even among young women.... Estrous cyclicity is also disrupted following developmental exposure to genistein. ....this abnormality increases in severity with increasing dose as well as increasing age. These abnormalities could result from organizational disruptions anywhere within the hypothalmic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, including the ovary. Other aspects of reproductive tract development may be vulnerable as well. Mice treated neonatally with genistein (25mg/kg) exhibit reduced fertility.... Female mice treated neonatally with genistein (50mg/kg) did not deliver any live pups......suggesting mice exposed developmentally to this does are infertile. Neonatal subcutaneous injection of genistein.....produced a dose dependent increase of mice with multi-oocyte follicles in ovary prior to puberty and this effects is mediated through ERB (Estrogen Receptor Beta).....supporting limited differentiation of the ovary in genistein treated mice. We recently showed that neonatal exposure to 10 mg kg genistein significantly dereased the density of neuronal fibers immunoreactive for kisspeptin signaling pathways by genistein may be a novel yet comprehensive mechanism underlying a suite of reproductive abnormalities in females"
“Circulating levels of genistein in the neonate, apart from dose and rout, predict future adverse female reproductive outcomes.” NIH, NIEHS WN Jefferson and CJ Williams. 2011. “Developmental exposure to estrogenic compounds can disrupt sexual differentiation and adult reproductive function in many animals including humans. Phytoestrogens (plant estrogen) in the diet comprise a significant source of estrogenic exposure to humans, particularly in infants who are fed soy-based infant formula. Taken together, the studies clearly demonstrate that environmentally relevant doses of genistein have significant negative impacts on ovarian differentiation, estrous cyclicity, and fertility…..”
“Oral exposure to genistin, the glycosylated form of genistein, during neonatal life adversely affects the female reproductive system.” NIH, NIEHS study. WN Jefferson et al. 2009. “Developmental exposure to environmental estrogens is associated with adverse consequences later in life. Exposure to genistin…form of phytoestrogen genistein found in soy products. Results: Oral genistin elicited an estrogenic response in the neonatal uterus… Oral ginistin altered ovarian differentiation, delayed vaginal opening, caused abnormal estrous cycles, decreased fertility and delayed parturition.”
“Disruption of the female reproductive system by the phytoestrogen genistein.” NIH, NIEHS study. Wendy N. Jefferson et al. 2006 “Ovarian function and estrous cyclicity were disrupted in genistein treated mice with increasing severity over time. Reduced fertility was observed in mice treated with genistein….and infertility was observed at 50mg/kg. Females generated from genistein 25mg/kg females bred to control males have increased multi-oocyte follicles suggesting there effects can be transmitted to subsequent generations. Thus neonatal treatment with genistein at environmentally relevant doses caused adverse consequences on reproduction in adulthood.”
“Disrupted female reproductive physiology following neonatal exposure to phytoestrogens or estrogen specific ligands is associated with decreased GnRH activation and kisspeptin fiber density in the hypothalamus.” Hl Batman and HB Patisaul. 2008. “It is well established that estrogen administration during neonatal development can advance pubertal onset and prevent the maintenance of regular estrous cycles in rats. These data suggest that neonatal exposure to (genistein) endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) can suppress gonadotropin releasing hormone activity in adulthood….EDCs can impair female reproductive function.”Bioavailability of soy isoflavones through placental/lactational transfer and soy food.” NIH NIEHS study. Dr. Doerge. 2011. “(Soy) Isoflavones are non-nutritive components of soy responsible for estrogenic responses……but evidence for potential adverse effects (e.g., stimulation of estrogen-dependent mammary tumors and aberrant perinatal development) has been reported in experimental animal models. Studies of the major soy isoflavone genistein were conducted in pregnant and lactating Sprague-Dawley rats to quantify placental and lactational transfer to plasma and brain to understand better biological effects observed in multigenerational studies. The information derived from these studies makes it is possible to predict internal exposures of children to genistein from soy infant formula….”
“Maternal exposure to genistein during pregnancy increases carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis in female rat offspring.” L. Hilakivi-Clarke et al, 2002. “Our results suggest that maternal exposure to subcutaneous administration of genistein can increase mammary tumorigenesis in the offspring, mimicking the effects of utero estrogenic exposures.”
“Neonatal Exposure to the Phytoestrogen Genistein Alters Mammary Gland Growth and Developmental Programming of Hormone Receptor Levels.” NIEHS Scientists; E. Padilla-Banks et al. 2006. “In summary, neonatal Genistein exposure altered mammary gland growth and development as well as hormone receptor levels at all doses examined; higher doses of Genistein led to permanent long-lasting morphological changes.”
“Neonatal genistein treatment alters ovarian differentiation in the mouse: inhibition of oocyte next breakdown and increased oocyte survival.” NIEHS study. W Jefferson et al. 2006. “These data taken together suggest that genistein exposure during development alters ovarian differentiation by inhibiting oocyte next breakdown and attenuating oocyte cell death.”
“Neonatal exposure to genistein disrupts ability of female mouse reproductive tract to support preimplantation embryo development and implantation.” NIH NIEHS report. WN Jefferson et al. 2009 “These experiments demonstrated that genistein-treated female are not capable of supporting normal implantation of control embryos. Taken together these results suggest that oocytes from mice treated neonatally with genistein are developmentally competent; however the oviductal environment and the uterus have abnormalities that contribute to the observed reproductive failure.”
“Adverse effects of phytoestrogens on reproductive health: a report of three cases.” A Chandrareddy et al. “All 3 women improved after withdrawal of soy from their diet. Additional information on phytoestrogens is necessary to ascertain their safety before they can be routinely used…..”.
"Neonatal exposure to genistein induces estrogen receptor (ER) alpha expression and multioocyte follicles in the maturing mouse ovary: evidence for ERbeta-mediated and nonestrogenic actions." NIEHS report. WN Jefferson et al. 2002 "These data taken together demonstrate alterations in the ovary following neonatal exposure to genistein. Given that human infants are exposed to high levels of genistein in soy-based food, this study indicates that the effects of such exposure on the developing reproductive tract warrant further investigation."
“Comparison of 17beta-Estradiol and Genistein Induced Cell Growth And Proliferation in the Rodent Uterus” G Orphanides et al. March 2004. “Phytoestrogens …for dietary exposure (e.g.soy) and their higher affinity for estrogen receptor (ER) beta, which has been proposed to antagonize the effects of ERalpha. Our data provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms that accompany estrogen-regulated uterine growth….suggest that genistein is capable of modulating the full spectrum of biological processes associated with the action of 17-b estradiol in the uterus.”
“Adverse effects on female development and reproduction in CD-1 mice following neonatal exposure to the phytoestrogen genistein at environmentally relevant doses.” NIH, NIEHS report. WN Jefferson et al “In summary, neonatal treatment with genistein caused abnormal estrous cycles, altered ovarian function, early reproductive senescence, and subfertility/infertility at environmentally relevant doses.”
“Effects of genistein exposure on sexually dimorphic behaviors in rats.” Division of Neurotoxicology FDA. 2001 “The phytoestrogen genistein, the principal isoflavone in soybeans, has adverse effects on animal reproduction. Since adult physiology and behavior are sensitive to perturbation by developmental estrogens, exposure to genistein during development may produce behavioral alterations as well. These results indication that developmental genistein treatment, at levels that decrease maternal and offspring body weight, cause subtle alterations in some sexually dimorphic behaviors.”
“Effects of Chronic Exposure to Isoflavone On Postnatal Development Of Mice” K Takashima et al. 2004. “This result suggests that chronic exposure to isoflavone causes earlier puberty to female neonates.”
Soy-Cause of Gender Chaos: Irreversible De-feminizing or Masculization of Females:
“Effects of neonatal treatment with phytoestrogens, genistein and daidzein, on sex difference in female rat brain function: estrous cycle and lordosis” T Kouki et al 2003. “These results suggest that genistein acts as an estrogen in the sexual differentiation of the brain and causes defeminization of the brain in regulating lordosis and the estrous cycle in rats. In addition, neonatal daidzein also has some influence on ovarian function.”
"The pros and cons of phytoestrogens." NIEHS report. HB Patisaul and W Jefferson. 2010. "In contrast, neonatal estrogen can defeminize the female HPG axis and thus eliminate the future emergence of the female estrous cycle. .....our data indicate that neonatal genistein exposure has a defeminizing effect on the organization of the female rat HPG axis.
“Reversal of sex roles in genetic female mice by disruption of estrogen receptor gene.” S Oqawa et al. 1996. “Deficiency of normal estrogen receptor gene function led to behavioral change in female mice…..Pups were killed by females. Aggression toward other females increased….disruption of ER Gene led to pattern of hormonal and neural changes….lose their normal female-typical behavior.”
“Dose-response characteristics of neonatal exposure to genistein on pituitary responsiveness to gonadotropin releasing hormone and volume of sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) in postpubertal castrated female rats.” KA Faber and CL Hughes Jr. 1993. “Estrogen exposure during critical periods of development promotes androgenization of the brain, which is reflected in altered morphology, behavior and cyclic hormone secretion in females. ….pharmaceutical or naturally occurring estrogens had decreased GnRH-induced LH secretion and increased volume of the SDN-POA….progressive increases in exposure levels of genistein were associated with decreasing LH secretion. The results confirm that low doses of genistein have nonandrogenizing, pituitary-sensitizing effects, while higher doses of genistein mimic the more typical effects of estrogens. …..endpoints more completely defines the reproductive consequences of environmental estrogen exposure during crucial periods of CNS (Central Nervous System) development.”
(Note- Multiple studies report gender chaos of females caused by soy exposure).
Soy-Cause of Gender Chaos: Irreversible Feminizing of Males:“Sex and the Brain: Evaluating Sex Differences in Neuroendocrine and Behavioral circuits.” Eva K. Polston et al. 2005. “Developmental exposure to steroid hormones orchestrates sexual differentiation of the brain….brain differentiation produces permanent neuroanatomical sex differences in the circuits that control gonadotropin secretion and male and female sexual behavior. The developing brain is sensitive to low concentrations of steroids so it is impossible that exposure to endocrine-active compounds (EACs)..….may influence the process of sexual differentiation. Neonatal exposure to either Genistein or bisphenol-A eliminated sex difference normally seen in the numbers of dopaminergic neurons in AVPV. Genistein….. also abolished the normal sex difference in AVPV volume. In both cases, the compounds appeared to prevent brain masculinization in males, such that the AVPVs of treated males were indistinguishable from those of control females. Our results suggest that both naturally occurring and synthetic EACs can have anti-estrogenic effects in the developing brain and may disrupt normal processes of brain masculinization. We also demonstrate that the effects of EAC exposure during the critical period for brain sexual differentiation are compounded and brain site-specific.”
“Behavioral effects of endocrine-disrupting substances: phytoestrogens” ED Lephart et al. 2004. “The isoflavones genistein and daidzein have similar molecular weights and structural characteristics to that of 17-beta estradiol, which may enable them to exert estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties are described and characterized. Daidzein can be further metabolized to the potent and abundant molecule equol….. Equol has the unique and important ability to specifically bind 5 alpha-dihydro-testosterone, and to act in turn to inhibit the action of this potent androgen.”
"The pros and cons of phytoestrogens." NIEHS report. 2010 HB Patisaul and W Jefferson "At birth if endogenous estrogen is blocked in males, either by castration, by blocking the action of aromatase, or by blocking hypothalamic estrogen receptors the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal axis fail to defeminize and the capacity to elicit a gonadal surge remains. Therefore interference with estrogen at birth...can result in the improper differentiation and function of the HPG axis across the lifespan. These physiological changes (from 10mg kg genistein a dose that is approximately equivalent to total amount of isoflavones ingested by infants fed soy formula) were accompanied by an impaired ability to stimulate Gn RH (gonadatropin releasing hormone) neuronal activity...."
(Note- Multiple studies report gender chaos of males caused by soy exposure).
Soy Damage of Male Sexual Organs and Male Infertility:
“A maternal vegetarian diet in pregnancy is associated with hypospadias. The ALSPAC Study Team, Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood.” K North and J Golding. 2000. “Objective: To investigate the possible role of the maternal diet, particularly vegetarianism and consumption of phytoestrotgens in the origin of hypospadias (abnormal opening of the penis) which is reported to be increasing in prevalence. Conclusion: ….these results support the possibility that phytoestrogens have a deleterious effect on the developing male reproductive system.”
"The pros and cons of phytoestrogens" NIEHS report. HB Patisaul and W Jefferson. 2010. "Among men, sperm counts in the United States and Europe appear to have declined by roughly half over the past 50 years. Rates of testicular cancer also appear to be increasing. Another study showed that infant boys born to vegetarian mothers had increased incidence of hypospadias (malformation of the male external genitalia) suggesting that dietary components (perhaps phytoestrogens) cross the placenta and cause adverse effects on the developing fetus. The causes of these reproductive health trends...... rapidity of the increase in reproductive and behavioral disorders suggest an environmental endocrine disrupting component. ......isoflavone phytoestrogens could be one such component is now the subject of rigorous debate.....in the US and abroad. Males on the soy diet had lower serum testosterone concentrations and higher numbers of Leydig cells at the discontinuation of soy formula use. As adults, the soy fed marmoset had larger testes and lower serum testosterone levels than its twin demonstrating that the impacts were persistent."
“Adult –only exposure of male rats to a diet of high phytoestrogen content increases apoptosis of meiotic and post-meiotic germ cells.” S. Assinder. 2007. “In the high phytoestrogen fed group, homogenization–resistant sperm counts were significantly decreased, as were epididymal sperm counts…..likely due to the disruption of estrogen’s actions in the testis.”
“Soy food and isoflavone intake in relation to semen quality parameters among men from an infertility clinic.” JE Chavarro et al, 2008. “These data suggest that higher intake of soy foods and soy isoflavones is associated with lower sperm concentration.”.
“Exposure of juvenile rats to the phytoestrogen daidzein impairs erectile function in a dose-related manner in adulthood.” L Pan et al. 2008. “However, possible adverse effects of such (soy) plant estrogens on the male reproductive system, particularly penile erection have not been sufficiently evaluated. Thus, these results suggest that exposure of juvenile rats to daidzein in a relatively large amount could adversely affect penile erection in adulthood.”
“Dietary estrogens- a probable cause of infertility and liver disease in captive cheetahs.” KD Setchell et al. 1987 “We conclude that the relatively high concentrations of phytoestrogens from soybean protein present in the commercial diet fed to captive cheetahs in North American zoos may be one of the major factors in the decline of fertility and in the etiology of liver disease in this species. The survival of the captive cheetah population could depend upon a simple change of diet by excluding exogenous estrogen.”
“Exposure to phytoestrogens in the prenatal period affects androgen secretion by testicular Leydig cells in the adult rat.” BT Akingbemi et al. 2007 “Thus, phytoestrogens have the ability to regulate Leydig cells, and additional studies to assess potential adverse effects of dietary soy-based products on reproductive tract development in neonates are warranted.”
“Altered testicular microsomal steroidogenic enzyme activities in rats with lifetime exposure to soy isoflavones.” MJ McVey et al. 2004 “These results demonstrate that rats fed a mixture of dietary soy isoflavones showed significantly altered enzyme activity profiles during development at post natal day 28 as a result of early exposure to isoflavones at levels obtainable by humans.”
“Soy, phyto-oestrogens and male reproductive function; a review.” CR Cederroth et al. 2010. “There is growing interest in the possible health threat posed by the effects of endocrine disruptors on reproduction. Soy and soy-derived products contain isoflavones that mimic the actions of oestrogens and may exert adverse effects on male fertility. ….potential detrimental effects of soy and phyto-oestrogen on male reproductive function and fertility in humans and animals. In the meantime, caution would suggest that perinatal phyto-oestrogen exposure, such as that found in infants feeding on soy-based formula, should be avoided.”
“Effects of genistein and equol on human and rat testicular 3beta-hyroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17beta-hyroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 activities.” GX Hug et al. 2010. “ These observations imply that the ability of soy isoflavones to regulate androgen biosynthesis in Leydig cells is due in part to action on Leydig cell 3beta-HSD activity. Given the increasing intake of soy-based food products and their potential effect on blood androgen levels, these findings are greatly relevant to public health.”
“Testicular dysgenesis syndrome and Leydig cell function.” UN Joensen et al. 2008. “Fertility among human beings appear to be on the decline in many Western countries….A growing body of evidence, including animal models and research in human beings, points to lifestyle factors and endocrine disruptors as risk factors for testicular dysgenesis syndrome.....due to decreasing semen quality.” (Soy = active endocrine disruptors).
“Changes in male reproduction system and mineral metabolism induced by soy isoflavones administered to rats from prenatal life until sexual maturity” K Piotrowska et al. March 2011 “In the (soy) isoflavone treated group, statistically significant decreased concentration of zinc in blood serum….The testosterone levels in the (cauda epididymis) homogenates of the treated rat testes were significantly lower than in the control group.” (Note: Soy cause of statistically significant decrease in zinc, can especially cause brain damaging effects to developing fetus and infants exposed.)
“An unusual case of gynecomastia (breast growth) associated with soy product consumption” J Martinez and JE Lewi. May 2008. “ This is a very unusual case of genecomastia related to ingestion of soy products. Health care providers should thoroughly reveal patients’ dietary habits to possibly reveal the etiology of medical conditions.”
(Note- Multiple studies report soy-caused changes in male reproductive functions).
Soy-Cause of Asthma & Allergies:
Soy is scientifically established as a top ranking allergen with evidence that soy worsens peanut allergies and a cause of asthma.
Federal Register/Vol. 63. No. 217/November 10, 1998/Proposed Rules. “The petition also addressed some concerns that have been raised about the potential risk of consuming soy products: allergenicity, exposure to trypsin inhibitors, reduced bioavailability of minerals, and hormonal disturbances. As is true for any protein entering the gastrointestinal tract, soy protein has the potential to elicit an allergic reaction. Food allergies most commonly develop in infants and young children. ….45.mg/day dose of isoflavones lead to favorable changes n menstrual cycle length and hormone levels similar to those seen in women treated with (drug) tamoxifen. ….the agency (FDA) is not prepared, at this time, to take issue with the petitioner-s view that the use of soy protein is safe and lawful as required in 101.14(b)(3)(ii). Thus FDA tentatively concludes that the petitioner has provided evidence that satisfies the requirement…that use of soy protein at the levels necessary to justify a claim is safe and lawful.”
“Guidance on the labeling of Certain Uses of Lecithin Derived from Soy Under Section 403(w) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. HHS. 2006. “The FLACPA recognizes soy as one of the eight most common food allergens. As with most common food allergens allergic reactions to soy may result in life-threatening symptoms, such as anaphylaxis. Furthermore, even low levels of soy protein may cause adverse effects in some sensitive individuals. FDA considers an “adverse effect” to be any objective sign of an allergic reaction…..there is no consensus on the minimal dose of soy protein that will elicit an adverse effect. As noted, lecithin derived from soy contains very small amounts of soy protein…. The proteins in soy lecithin have been found in some cases to be soy allergens.”
“Food and nutrient intakes and asthma risk in young adults” 2003. RK Woods et al. “Results: Conversely soy beverage was associated with an increased risk of current asthma….doctor-diagnosed asthma…and bronchial hyperreactivity.”
“Genistein Exacerbation of Asthma in Mice” Crisp Data Base, NIH (National Institute of Health) “….that genistein, a soy isoflavone has been suggested to mediate its biological function mainly as an endocrine disruptor. There are concerns about the long-term effect s of this compound on human health, especially that of infants and children. There is an increase in the use of asthma or allergy drugs in you adults who have been fed soy formula during infancy.”
Soy-Cause of Gastrointestinal Damage/Distress:
“Enhanced estrogenic responses and sensitivity to azoxymethane (carcinogen and neurotoxin) following dietary soy isoflavone supplementation in older female rats.” KT Daly et al. 2007 “On the contrary, several adverse effects of soy supplementation in female azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rats were observed. …greater weight loss and slower recovery of body weight….increasing with age. 5 of the 21 rats fed the soy supplement died before the end of the experiment while all animals on the control diet survived to term. The density of normal crypts lining the colonic mucosa was reduced in rats fed the soy compared to control diet, indicating gastrointestinal damage. Uterine weights, serum estradiol and serum isoflavone levels were increased in mature and old female rats fed the soy supplemented diets compared to age-matched controls, suggesting an increasing estrogenic response with age to isoflavone supplementation. These adverse effects of soy isoflavones …need further examination….”
(Note- Multiple soy studies conclude the cause of gastrointestinal distress).
Soy-Cause of Diabetes
“Diabetes” D. Liu et al. 2006. “Genistein acutely stimulates insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells through a cAMP- dependent protein kinase pathway. Genistein elicited significant effects at a concentration as low as 10nmol/l with a maximal effect at 5 micromol/l…..These findings demonstrated that genistein directly acts on pancreatic beta-cells, leading to activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling cascade to exert an insulinotropic effect, there by providing a novel role of soy isoflavones in the regulations of insulin secretion.”
“Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice” Report from China. 2003 “Analyses showed soymilk formula consumption at 4-12 months of age was associated with a twofold higher risk of type 1 diabetes.”
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, P. Fort et al. 1986 “Twice as many diabetic children received soy containing formula in infancy as compared to control children.”
"Low Doses of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Impair Glucagon-Releasing Alpha Cells" P Alonso-Magdalena. 2005. "Even at very low doses endocrine-disrupting chemicals that mimic the action of naturally occurring estrogens impair the body's secretion of glucagons..... Glucagon is released by alpha cells in the pancreas. It provided the major counter-regulatory mechanism for insulin by stimulating the liver to produce glucose and maintaining proper glucose levels in the blood. .......when glucose metabolism is impaired, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus may result."
Soy-Cause of Obesity: Besides soy toxicity, the first listed ingredient of soy infant formula is “corn syrup” soon followed by “sugar”. NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERH) 2006. “There is a significant association between adult overweight and having been fed a soy formula as an infant. Gastrointestinal effects- infants with soy protein induced intestinal villous atrophy.”
Soy-Cause of Bone Disease:
“Effects of Endocrine Active Agents on Bone” BK Delcious 2006. “High dose of genistein throughout the lifespan resulted in decreased bone size, which may reduce the force required to break the bone.”
There will be more studies coming soon! Remember that the FDA is well-aware of these studies and hundreds more, but have chosen to remain silent. Is this not a crime?
Internationally: England; In 2003 the Committee on Toxicity reports, “However the findings, together with those from studies on the mechanism of action and biological activity of phytoestrogens reviewed in this report, provide evidence of potential risks. For this reason, the Working Group notes that the Scientific Advisor Committee on Nutrition (SACN) expressed similar concern when considering evidence presented in this report. SACN also considered there be no substantive medical need for, nor health benefit arising from, the use of soy-based infant formulae.”
2004 UK Medical Officer of Health reiterated that soy formulas should not be used as first choice for the management of infants with proven cow’s milk sensitivity...… The warning, based on a report by the committee on Toxicity notes the long-term risk posed for reproductive health linked to the high levels of phytoestrogens found in these products…..“no health benefits associated with the consumption of soy-based infant formulas.”
New Zealand; "…soy-based infant formula should only be used under the direction of a health professional for specific medical conditions…" It was also recommended that clinicians be made aware of the potential interactions between soy infant formula and thyroid function and that assessment of thyroid function should be considered if satisfactory growth and development is not achieved or maintained. www.kidalog.net/soyformula.html
Ireland; In 1997, the Infant Feeding Sub-Committee of the Food Safety Board recommended that specialized products such as soy-based infant formulae should only be fed to infants under "medical supervision…" Soy-based infant formula is not recommended for routine used in infants as "mineral absorption is less predictable and the precise physiological effects of high concentrations of aluminum and phytoestrogens from soybeans is unknown."
Canada; ….recommended against the use of soy infant formula "in the management of infants with an allergy to cow’s milk protein or for the prevention of atopic diseases." (Health Canada, 1998).
Switzerland; In 1997 the Swiss Federal Commission on Food issued an information sheet directly to Pediatricians based on a review report that warns that very restrictive use should be made of soy formulas because of the "potential harm from isoflavones." The Commission recommended that soybean products should "not be routinely used in food prepared for healthy infants." In addition, the Commissioner recommended against the use of "soy infant formula for ideological or ethical reasons."
Australia; The Australian and New Zealand Food Authority warn that "infants fed soy formulas are exposed to 47mg of isoflavones (active estrogenic compounds) per day and this level is at least 240 times greater than consumed by breastfed infants." Report notes "concerns about potential to adverse effects subsequent to sexual development and infertility."
These sites Can Explain Why The FDA Protects Soy Industry (Monsanto) Profits, and Not Human Health; www.psrast.org/ecologmons.htm, and www.purefood.org/monlink.html
Protect Children's Health go to: http://www.petition2congress/4607/petition-to-protect-childrens-health
Cheers! .....To Best Health To You And Your Family!
Gail Elbek
gaelbek@yahoo.com
